{"id":14159,"date":"2020-02-11T08:27:36","date_gmt":"2020-02-11T08:27:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.alohaber.net\/wp\/?p=14159"},"modified":"2020-02-11T08:27:36","modified_gmt":"2020-02-11T08:27:36","slug":"anayasa-mahkemesinin-e-2019-34-k-2019-97-sayili-karari-is-kazasi-maddi-ve-manevi-tazminat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.alohaber.net\/wp\/2020\/02\/anayasa-mahkemesinin-e-2019-34-k-2019-97-sayili-karari-is-kazasi-maddi-ve-manevi-tazminat\/","title":{"rendered":"Anayasa Mahkemesinin E: 2019\/34, K: 2019\/97 Say\u0131l\u0131 Karar\u0131 \u2013 \u0130\u015f Kazas\u0131 Maddi ve Manevi Tazminat"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Anayasa Mahkemesinin E: 2019\/34 \u0130\u015f kazas\u0131 sebebiyle bak\u0131m gerektirir \u015fekilde malul kalan ki\u015fi ile e\u015fi ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan maddi ve manevi tazminat…<\/p>\n

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Anayasa Mahkemesinin E: 2019\/34, K: 2019\/97 Say\u0131l\u0131 Karar\u0131 \u2013 \u0130\u015f Kazas\u0131 Maddi ve Manevi Tazminat<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tarih:\u00a0
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Anayasa Mahkemesinin E: 2019\/34<\/h4>\n

\u0130\u015f kazas\u0131 sebebiyle bak\u0131m gerektirir \u015fekilde malul kalan ki\u015fi ile e\u015fi ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan maddi ve manevi tazminat talebiyle a\u00e7\u0131lan davada itiraz konusu kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131na varan Mahkeme, iptali i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur.<\/em><\/p>\n

11 \u015eubat 2020 Tarihli Resmi Gazete<\/p>\n

Say\u0131: 31036<\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Esas Say\u0131s\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0: 2019\/34<\/p>\n

Karar Say\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong>\u00a02019\/97<\/p>\n

Karar Tarihi:<\/strong>\u00a025\/12\/2019<\/p>\n

\u0130T\u0130RAZ YOLUNA BA\u015eVURAN: Yarg\u0131tay 21. Hukuk Dairesi<\/p>\n

\u0130T\u0130RAZIN KONUSU: 11\/1\/2011 tarihli ve\u00a06098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu<\/a><\/strong>\u2019nun 55. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc c\u00fcmlesinin Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 9. ve 138. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek iptaline ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn durdurulmas\u0131na karar verilmesi talebidir.<\/p>\n

OLAY:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0130\u015f kazas\u0131 sebebiyle bak\u0131m gerektirir \u015fekilde malul kalan ki\u015fi ile e\u015fi ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan maddi ve manevi tazminat talebiyle a\u00e7\u0131lan davada itiraz konusu kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131na varan Mahkeme, iptali i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

I. \u0130PTAL\u0130 \u0130STENEN KANUN H\u00dcKM\u00dc<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kanun\u2019un itiraz konusu kural\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 55. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n

\u201cc. Belirlenmesi<\/em><\/p>\n

MADDE 55- Destekten yoksun kalma zararlar\u0131 ile bedensel zararlar, bu Kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine ve sorumluluk hukuku ilkelerine g\u00f6re hesaplan\u0131r. K\u0131smen veya tamamen r\u00fccu edilemeyen sosyal g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6demeleri ile ifa amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mayan \u00f6demeler, bu t\u00fcr zararlar\u0131n belirlenmesinde g\u00f6zetilemez; zarar veya tazminattan indirilemez. Hesaplanan tazminat, miktar esas al\u0131narak hakkaniyet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ile art\u0131r\u0131lamaz veya azalt\u0131lamaz.<\/em><\/p>\n

Bu Kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc idari eylem ve i\u015flemler ile idarenin sorumlu oldu\u011fu di\u011fer sebeplerin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u00fccut b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u0131smen veya tamamen yitirilmesine ya da ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 zararlara ili\u015fkin istem ve davalarda da uygulan\u0131r. \u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

II. \u0130LK \u0130NCELEME<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Anayasa Mahkemesi \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca Z\u00fcht\u00fc ARSLAN, Burhan \u00dcST\u00dcN, Engin YILDIRIM, Serdar \u00d6ZG\u00dcLD\u00dcR, Recep K\u00d6M\u00dcRC\u00dc, Hicabi DURSUN, Celal M\u00fcmtaz AKINCI, Muammer TOPAL, M. Emin KUZ, Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN, Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA, R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7, Recai AKYEL, Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ ve Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NOGLU\u2019nun kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla 10\/4\/2019 tarihinde yap\u0131lan ilk inceleme toplant\u0131s\u0131nda dosyada eksiklik bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan i\u015fin esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durdurma talebinin esas inceleme a\u015famas\u0131nda karara ba\u011flanmas\u0131na OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

III. ESASIN \u0130NCELENMES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

2. Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131 ve ekleri, Raport\u00f6r H\u00fclya \u00c7O\u015eTAN \u00c7ET\u0130N taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan i\u015fin esas\u0131na ili\u015fkin rapor, itiraz konusu kanun h\u00fckm\u00fc, dayan\u0131lan ve ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fclen Anayasa kurallar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n gerek\u00e7eleri ile di\u011fer yasama belgeleri okunup incelendikten sonra gere\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcp d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc:<\/p>\n

A. Anlam ve Kapsam<\/strong><\/p>\n

3. Kanun\u2019un birinci k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u201cBor\u00e7 \u0130li\u015fkisinin Kaynaklar\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u201cS\u00f6zle\u015fmeden Do\u011fan Bor\u00e7 \u0130li\u015fkileri\u201d, \u201cHaks\u0131z Fiilden Do\u011fan Bor\u00e7 \u0130li\u015fkileri\u201d ve \u201cSebepsiz Zenginle\u015fmeden Do\u011fan Bor\u00e7 \u0130li\u015fkileri\u201d d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylelikle haks\u0131z fiil, zarar veren taraf ile zarar g\u00f6ren taraf aras\u0131nda bor\u00e7 do\u011furan bir hukuki sebep olarak nitelendirilmi\u015ftir. Haks\u0131z fiilden do\u011fan bor\u00e7, zarar g\u00f6renin zarar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesini ama\u00e7layan tazminat borcudur.<\/p>\n

4. Kanun\u2019un 55. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ilk c\u00fcmlesinde, Kanun\u2019un haks\u0131z fiil sorumlulu\u011funu d\u00fczenleyen kurallar\u0131na at\u0131fta bulunulmu\u015ftur. Kanun\u2019un 49 ila 52. maddelerinde haks\u0131z fiil sorumlulu\u011funa ili\u015fkin genel esaslar belirlenmi\u015ftir. Kanun\u2019un 49. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131na g\u00f6re \u201cKusurlu ve hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir fiille bir ba\u015fkas\u0131na zarar veren, bu zarar\u0131 gidermekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u201d<\/p>\n

5. Kanun\u2019un \u201cZarar\u0131n ve kusurun ispat\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 50. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda kusuru ve zarar\u0131 ispat k\u00fclfeti kural olarak zarar g\u00f6rene y\u00fcklenmi\u015ftir. \u0130kinci f\u0131krada ise \u201cU\u011fran\u0131lan zarar\u0131n miktar\u0131 tam olarak ispat edilemiyorsa h\u00e2kim, olaylar\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve zarar g\u00f6renin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nlemleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutarak, zarar\u0131n miktar\u0131n\u0131 hakkaniyete uygun olarak belirler\u201d kural\u0131na yer verilerek zarar\u0131n tam olarak ispatlanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2llerde zarar\u0131 belirleme konusunda h\u00e2kime takdir yetkisi tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

6. Kanun\u2019un haks\u0131z fiil sorumlulu\u011fundan do\u011fan tazminat borcunun belirlenmesini d\u00fczenleyen 51. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cH\u00e2kim, tazminat\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6denme bi\u00e7imini, durumun gere\u011fini ve \u00f6zellikle kusurun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne alarak belirler\u201d kural\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r. Kuralda tazminat\u0131n belirlenmesi konusunda h\u00e2kime takdir yetkisi tan\u0131nmakta ve bu yetkinin haks\u0131z fiilin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumun gerekleri ile zarar verenin kusurunun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dikkate al\u0131narak kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmektedir.<\/p>\n

7. Kanun\u2019un tazminat\u0131n indirilmesini d\u00fczenleyen 52. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cZarar g\u00f6ren, zarar\u0131 do\u011furan fiile raz\u0131 olmu\u015f veya zarar\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131nda ya da artmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015f yahut tazminat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn durumunu a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ise h\u00e2kim, tazminat\u0131 indirebilir veya tamamen kald\u0131rabilir\u201d denilerek tazminat\u0131n indirilmesine veya kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n veren sebepler belirlenmi\u015ftir. Kural\u0131n ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda da zarar g\u00f6renin hafif kusurlu olmas\u0131, tazminat\u0131 \u00f6demesi h\u00e2linde yoksullu\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fecek olmas\u0131 ve hakkaniyetin de gerekli k\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi h\u00e2linde h\u00e2kimin tazminat\u0131 indirebilece\u011fi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

8. Kanun\u2019un yukar\u0131da belirtilen kurallar\u0131nda zarar\u0131n niteli\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan herhangi bir ayr\u0131ma yer verilmemi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle bu kurallar haks\u0131z fiil sonucunda meydana gelen e\u015fya zarar\u0131 ile bedensel zarar ve \u00f6l\u00fcm sebebiyle u\u011fran\u0131lan zarar aras\u0131nda herhangi bir ayr\u0131m \u00f6ng\u00f6rmemektedir. Kanun\u2019un itiraz konusu kural\u0131 da i\u00e7eren 55. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131 ise haks\u0131z fiilin \u00f6l\u00fcm veya bedensel zarara yol a\u00e7mas\u0131 h\u00e2linde maddi tazminat\u0131n belirlenmesine ili\u015fkindir. An\u0131lan f\u0131kran\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinde destekten yoksun kalma zararlar\u0131 ile bedensel zararlar\u0131n bu Kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine ve sorumluluk ilkelerine g\u00f6re hesaplanaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/div>\n

Ayn\u0131 f\u0131kran\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinde ise k\u0131smen veya tamamen r\u00fccu edilemeyen sosyal g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6demeleri ile ifa amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mayan \u00f6demelerin,<\/a>\u00a0bu t\u00fcr zararlar\u0131n belirlenmesinde g\u00f6zetilemeyece\u011fi, zarardan veya tazminattan indirilemeyece\u011fi kurala ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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9. Kanun\u2019un 55. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n itiraz konusu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc c\u00fcmlesinde de hesaplanan tazminat\u0131n, miktar esas al\u0131narak hakkaniyet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ile art\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 veya azalt\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu itibarla haks\u0131z fiil sebebiyle meydana gelen destekten yoksun kalma zarar\u0131 ile bedensel zarar\u0131n tazmini amac\u0131yla hesaplanan maddi tazminattan kural uyar\u0131nca hakkaniyet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ile indirim veya art\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lamayacakt\u0131r.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

10. Genel nitelikteki kanuni d\u00fczenlemelerin somut olaya uygulanabilmesi ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve somut olaya g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilecek olgulara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecek \u00e7e\u015fitli hukuki ili\u015fkilerin her birinin kanunla d\u00fczenlenmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamas\u0131 nedeniyle kanun koyucu h\u00e2kime takdir yetkisi tan\u0131yan kurallar \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Takdir yetkisinin tan\u0131nmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde bu yetkinin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n da yetkiyi d\u00fczenleyen kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ile belirlenebilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda itiraz konusu kuralda yer alan \u201c\u2026hakkaniyet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ile\u2026\u201d ibaresinin, dava konusu uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa ve taraflara \u00f6zg\u00fc sebepler dikkate al\u0131nmaks\u0131z\u0131n sadece tazminat\u0131n miktar\u0131na dayanan indirim veya art\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n hakkaniyet kavram\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirilemeyece\u011fine i\u015faret etti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B. \u0130tiraz\u0131n Gerek\u00e7esi<\/strong><\/p>\n

11. Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; hesaplanan tazminat\u0131n miktar esas al\u0131narak art\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya azalt\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen itiraz konusu kural\u0131n, Kanun\u2019un zarar\u0131n ve tazminat\u0131n belirlenmesi ile tazminat\u0131n indirilmesinde h\u00e2kime takdir yetkisi tan\u0131yan kurallar\u0131yla \u00e7eli\u015fti\u011fi, hesaplanan tazminat \u00fczerinde art\u0131r\u0131m veya indirim yap\u0131lamamas\u0131 sebebiyle kuralla h\u00e2kimin takdir yetkisine m\u00fcdahale edildi\u011fi ve adeta bilirki\u015finin h\u00e2kimin yerine ge\u00e7irildi\u011fi belirtilerek kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 9. ve 138. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

C. Anayasa\u2019ya Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k Sorunu<\/strong><\/p>\n

12. 30\/3\/2011 tarihli ve 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu ve Yarg\u0131lama Usulleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 43. maddesi uyar\u0131nca kural, ilgisi nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 17. ve 35. maddeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

13. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 17. maddesinde \u201cHerkes, ya\u015fama, madd\u00ee ve manev\u00ee varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruma ve geli\u015ftirme hakk\u0131na sahiptir\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcne yer verilmi\u015ftir. Ki\u015finin ya\u015fama hakk\u0131 ile maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruma ve geli\u015ftirme hakk\u0131, birbirleriyle s\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 olan, devredilmez ve vazge\u00e7ilmez haklar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n an\u0131lan maddesi ki\u015finin ya\u015fama hakk\u0131 ile maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, olas\u0131 m\u00fcdahalelere kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede devletin, ki\u015finin ya\u015fama hakk\u0131 ile maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelen m\u00fcdahaleleri \u00f6nleme, \u00f6nlenememi\u015f olan m\u00fcdahalelere y\u00f6nelik olarak da bu m\u00fcdahalelerden do\u011fan zararlar\u0131n etkili bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flama y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

14. Ki\u015finin v\u00fccut b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne yap\u0131lan bir m\u00fcdahaleden do\u011fan zararlar\u0131n etkili bir \u015fekilde tazmin edilmesini sa\u011flamaya y\u00f6nelik sistemin kurulmas\u0131 da devletin, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 17. maddesinden do\u011fan koruma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapsam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede itiraz konusu kural\u0131n destekten yoksun kalma zararlar\u0131 ile bedensel zararlar\u0131n giderilmesi amac\u0131yla hesaplanan tazminattan sadece miktar dikkate al\u0131narak indirim yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek suretiyle etkili bir tazminin sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bu suretle ya\u015fama hakk\u0131 ile maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruma ve geli\u015ftirme hakk\u0131n\u0131 korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

15. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 35. maddesinde \u201cHerkes, m\u00fclkiyet ve miras haklar\u0131na sahiptir.\/ Bu haklar, ancak kamu yarar\u0131 amac\u0131yla, kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir.\/ M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 toplum yarar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamaz denilmek suretiyle m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 g\u00fcvenceye ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anayasal anlamda m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 ekonomik de\u011fer ifade eden ve de\u011feri parayla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r. Belli durumlarda bir ekonomik de\u011fer veya icras\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn bir alaca\u011f\u0131 elde etmeye y\u00f6nelik me\u015fru bir beklenti de Anayasa\u2019da yer alan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 g\u00fcvencesinden yararlanabilir. Bu kapsamda me\u015fru beklenti; makul bir \u015fekilde ortaya konmu\u015f icra edilebilir bir alaca\u011f\u0131n do\u011furdu\u011fu, bir kanun h\u00fckm\u00fcne veya ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olma ihtimalinin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren yerle\u015fik bir yarg\u0131 i\u00e7tihad\u0131na dayanan, yeterli somutlu\u011fa sahip nitelikteki bir beklentidir (Mehmet \u015eent\u00fcrk [GK], B. No: 2014\/13478,25\/7\/2017, \u00a7 41).<\/p>\n

16. Haks\u0131z fiil nedeniyle zarar g\u00f6ren ki\u015finin u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya u\u011frayaca\u011f\u0131 maddi zarar\u0131n tazminine y\u00f6nelik beklentisi, haks\u0131z fiil nedeniyle mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen azalman\u0131n veya ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi engellenen art\u0131\u015f\u0131n zarar veren ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan giderilmesi talebini ifade etmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla zarar g\u00f6ren ki\u015filerin, destekten yoksun kalma zarar\u0131 ile bedensel zarar\u0131n\u0131n tazminine y\u00f6nelik maddi tazminat alacaklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin, Kanun\u2019a dayanan beklentisi m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Zarar veren ki\u015fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda azalmaya neden olan tazminat borcu bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131 niteli\u011finde olup m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n korumas\u0131 alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Zarar\u0131n belirlenmesini ve tazminat\u0131n hesaplanmas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen kurallar da zarar g\u00f6renin tazminat alaca\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131n\u0131n, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla zarar verenin de tazminat borcunun kapsam\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesine ili\u015fkin kurallard\u0131r.\u00a0https:\/\/goo.gl\/RkqgJX<\/p>\n

17. \u0130tiraz konusu kuralda yer alan \u201cHesaplanan tazminat,\u2026 \u201d ibaresi ile ifade edilen, kural\u0131n gerek\u00e7esinde de belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere Kanun\u2019un 49 ila 52. maddeler h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine ve sorumluluk hukuku ilkelerine g\u00f6re hesaplanan tazminatt\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle hesaplanan tazminat, Kanun\u2019un zarar\u0131n ve tazminat\u0131n belirlenmesini d\u00fczenleyen 50. ve 51. maddeleri ile tazminat\u0131n indirilmesine veya tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin esaslar\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flayan 52. maddesi ve 55. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci ve ikinci c\u00fcmleleri uyar\u0131nca belirlenmektedir.<\/p>\n

18. \u0130tiraz konusu kural ise a\u00e7\u0131klanan \u015fekilde hesaplanan tazminat \u00fczerinden yaln\u0131zca tazminat\u0131n \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esi ile indirim yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da sadece tazminat\u0131n az oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esi ile art\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemek suretiyle miktar\u0131n \u00e7oklu\u011funa dayan\u0131larak yap\u0131lacak olas\u0131 bir indirim ile zarar g\u00f6renin m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n ve benzer \u015fekilde sadece miktar\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayan\u0131larak yap\u0131lacak olas\u0131 bir art\u0131r\u0131m ile zarar verenin m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

19. Tazminat\u0131n amac\u0131 zarar\u0131n tazmin edilmesini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle tazminat, zarar g\u00f6renin zenginle\u015fmesi veya zarar verenin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucuna yol a\u00e7mamal\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hesaplanacak tazminat\u0131n azami miktar\u0131 ger\u00e7ek zarar ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle kural, hesaplanan tazminat\u0131n yaln\u0131zca miktar g\u00f6zetilerek azalt\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmek suretiyle zarar g\u00f6renin m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndaki me\u015fru beklentisini korumaktad\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan ayn\u0131 nedenle tazminat miktar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lamamas\u0131na ili\u015fkin kural fazla tazminat \u00f6denmesini engellemek suretiyle, zarar verenin m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 korumaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle, zarar veren ve zarar g\u00f6ren taraflar\u0131n menfaatlerini adil bir \u015fekilde dengeleyerek taraflar\u0131n m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lan kural\u0131n zarar g\u00f6renin veya zarar verenin m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131ran bir y\u00f6n\u00fc bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/div>\n

20. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 138. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cH\u00e2kimler, g\u00f6revlerinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zd\u0131rlar; Anayasaya, kanuna ve hukuka uygun olarak vicdan\u00ee kanaatlerine g\u00f6re h\u00fck\u00fcm verirler\u201d denilmektedir. H\u00e2kimin vicdani kanaatine g\u00f6re verece\u011fi h\u00fck\u00fcm \u00f6ncelikle kanuna ve hukuka uygun olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle h\u00e2kim hukukun ve kanunun izin verdi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde vicdani kanaatine g\u00f6re h\u00fck\u00fcm verecektir. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n an\u0131lan maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda ise \u201cHi\u00e7bir organ, makam, merci veya ki\u015fi, yarg\u0131 yetkisinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131nda mahkemelere ve h\u00e2kimlere emir ve talimat veremez; genelge g\u00f6nderemez; tavsiye ve telkinlerde bulunamaz\u201d kural\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

21. Tazminat\u0131n hesaplanabilmesi yerle\u015fik yarg\u0131 uygulamas\u0131nda da kabul edildi\u011fi \u00fczere hukuk bilimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6zel bilgi gerektirmektedir. Bu sebeple tazminat hesaplanmas\u0131 gereken davalarda mahkemeler bilirki\u015finin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn al\u0131nmas\u0131na karar verebilmektedir. Bilirki\u015finin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131n\u0131n hukuki dayana\u011f\u0131 12\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 266. maddesidir. Bu maddenin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ilk c\u00fcmlesinde \u201cMahkeme, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc hukuk d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u00f6zel veya teknik bilgiyi gerektiren h\u00e2llerde, taraflardan birinin talebi \u00fczerine yahut kendili\u011finden, bilirki\u015finin oy ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn al\u0131nmas\u0131na karar verir\u201d denilmektedir. Ancak bilirki\u015finin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn al\u0131nmas\u0131, h\u00e2kimin bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak karar vermesini zorunlu k\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r. H\u00e2kim di\u011fer delillerle birlikte bilirki\u015fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc de serbest\u00e7e de\u011ferlendirme ve gerekti\u011finde bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe itibar etmeme yetkisine sahiptir. Nitekim an\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 282. maddesinde \u201cH\u00e2kim, bilirki\u015finin oy ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc di\u011fer delillerle birlikte serbest\u00e7e de\u011ferlendirir \u201d kural\u0131na yer verilerek bilirki\u015finin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve h\u00e2kim taraf\u0131ndan serbest\u00e7e de\u011ferlendirilece\u011fi h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla h\u00e2kimin destekten yoksun kalma zarar\u0131 ile bedensel zarar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2linde maddi tazminat\u0131n hesaplanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin bilirki\u015fi raporunu da di\u011fer deliller ile birlikte serbest\u00e7e de\u011ferlendirece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu itibarla kural\u0131n h\u00e2kimlerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesini ihlal eden bir y\u00f6n\u00fc bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

22. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle kural, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 17., 35. ve 138. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u0130tiraz\u0131n reddi gerekir.<\/p>\n

Selahaddin MENTE\u015e bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 9. maddesiyle ilgisi g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

IV. Y\u00dcR\u00dcRL\u00dc\u011e\u00dcN DURDURULMASI TALEB\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

23. Dava dilek\u00e7esinde \u00f6zetle; itiraz konusu kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve uygulanmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde hukuk devleti y\u00f6n\u00fcnden giderilmesi olanaks\u0131z durum ve zararlara yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 belirtilerek y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn durdurulmas\u0131na karar verilmesi talep edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

11\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 55. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc c\u00fcmlesine y\u00f6nelik iptal talebi 25\/12\/2019 tarihli ve E.2019\/34, K.2019\/97 say\u0131l\u0131 kararla reddedildi\u011finden bu c\u00fcmleye ili\u015fkin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn durdurulmas\u0131 talebinin REDD\u0130NE 25\/12\/2019 tarihinde OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verildi.<\/p>\n

V. H\u00dcK\u00dcM<\/strong><\/p>\n

11\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 55. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc c\u00fcmlesinin Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve itiraz\u0131n REDD\u0130NE, Selahaddin MENTE\u015e\u2019in kar\u015f\u0131oyu ve OY\u00c7OKLUGUYLA 25\/12\/2019 tarihinde karar verildi.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkan Z\u00fcht\u00fc ARSLAN<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkanvekili Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkanvekili Recep K\u00d6M\u00dcRC\u00dc<\/p>\n

\u00dcye Serdar \u00d6ZG\u00dcLD\u00dcR<\/p>\n

\u00dcye Burhan \u00dcST\u00dcN<\/p>\n

\u00dcye Engin YILDIRIM<\/p>\n

\u00dcye Hicabi DURSUN<\/p>\n

\u00dcye Celal M\u00fcmtaz AKINCI<\/p>\n

\u00dcye Muammer TOPAL<\/p>\n

\u00dcye M. Emin KUZ<\/p>\n

\u00dcye Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA<\/p>\n

\u00dcye R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7<\/p>\n

\u00dcye Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ<\/p>\n

\u00dcye Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU<\/p>\n

\u00dcye Selahaddin MENTE\u015e<\/p>\n

Esas Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2019\/34<\/strong><\/p>\n

Karar Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2019\/97<\/strong><\/p>\n

KAR\u015eI OY<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 35. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinin Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 talebi, say\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funluk taraf\u0131ndan reddine karar verilmi\u015ftir<\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gerek\u00e7elerle say\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lm\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n

2. Mahkemenin karar\u0131nda, iptal istemi, h\u00fckme itiraz gerek\u00e7eleri \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

3. \u00d6\u011fretide ve uygulamada \u00e7o\u011funlukla bu d\u00fczenlemenin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye \u00f6zg\u00fc bir kural oldu\u011fu, uygulamada ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131lan yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7meye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan adeta malumun ilan\u0131 say\u0131labilecek bir d\u00fczenleme niteli\u011finde oldu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

4. \u0130ptali istenen h\u00fck\u00fcm, yarg\u0131laman\u0131n temel s\u00fcjelerinden biri olan hakimin davaya olan katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay 1. Hukuk Dairesinin 31\/12\/1976 tarih 1976\/9370 karar say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda veciz bir \u015fekilde ifade edildi\u011fi gibi \u201cHakim tabiata, ola\u011fana, ger\u00e7e\u011fe uygun bir \u015fekilde kat\u0131 kalpler ve kat\u0131 kal\u0131plar i\u00e7erisinde s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131p kalmadan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa insan kokusu ta\u015f\u0131yan bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirmek zorundad\u0131r. \u201d Bu veciz ifade \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ifade edilen hakimin davaya katk\u0131s\u0131 madde metni kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda olas\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

5. Madde sistemati\u011fi incelendi\u011finde uygulamada hakimi \u00e7eli\u015fkiye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrecek bir sonu\u00e7 do\u011furma ihtimalinin oldu\u011fu da a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

6. Hakkaniyet kavram\u0131; adaletin \u00f6zel ve bireyselle\u015ftirilmi\u015f veya somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015feklini ifade eder. Hakkaniyet somut ve belirgin olaylar\u0131n adaletidir. Daha do\u011frusu adaletin somut olaylara uygulanmas\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun 4. maddesinde hakimin hukuka ve hakkaniyete g\u00f6re karar verece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu h\u00fckm\u00fcn amac\u0131 hakimin adalete uygun bir karar vermesini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Hakimin hakkaniyete g\u00f6re karar vermesiyle sosyal adalet de sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

7. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 9. maddesine g\u00f6re; \u201cYarg\u0131 yetkisi, T\u00fcrk milleti ad\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve tarafs\u0131z mahkemelerce kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 138. maddesine g\u00f6re;\u00a0\u201cHakimler, g\u00f6revlerinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zd\u0131rlar; Anayasaya, kanuna ve hukuka uygun olarak vicdani kanaatlerine g\u00f6re h\u00fck\u00fcm verirler.<\/em><\/p>\n

Hi\u00e7bir organ, makam, merci veya ki\u015fi, yarg\u0131 yetkisinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131nda mahkemelere ve hakimlere emir ve talimat veremez; genelge g\u00f6nderemez; tavsiye ve telkinde bulunamaz.<\/em><\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan bir dava hakk\u0131nda Yasama Meclisinde yarg\u0131 yetkisinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ilgili soru sorulamaz, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yap\u0131lamaz veya herhangi bir beyanda bulunulamaz.<\/em><\/p>\n

Yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme organlar\u0131 ile idare, mahkeme kararlar\u0131na uymak zorundad\u0131r; bu organlar ve idare, mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7bir suretle de\u011fi\u015ftiremez ve bunlar\u0131n yerine getirilmesini geciktiremez. \u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

8. Yukar\u0131da belirtilen gerek\u00e7elerle Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 55. maddesinde yer alan \u201cHesaplanan tazminat miktar esas al\u0131narak hakkaniyet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle art\u0131r\u0131lamaz veya azalt\u0131lamaz. \u201d d\u00fczenlemesinin Anayasa\u2019nm 9. ve 138. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle iptali gerekti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle say\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine kat\u0131lmad\u0131m.<\/p>\n

\u00dcye<\/p>\n

Selahaddin MENTE\u015e<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Anayasa Mahkemesinin E: 2019\/34 \u0130\u015f kazas\u0131 sebebiyle bak\u0131m gerektirir \u015fekilde malul kalan ki\u015fi ile e\u015fi ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan maddi ve manevi tazminat…  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14159","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mevzuat-haberleri"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alohaber.net\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14159","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alohaber.net\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alohaber.net\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alohaber.net\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alohaber.net\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14159"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.alohaber.net\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14159\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14160,"href":"https:\/\/www.alohaber.net\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14159\/revisions\/14160"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alohaber.net\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14159"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alohaber.net\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14159"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alohaber.net\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14159"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}